Prince Jamalutdin Tarkovsky
Jamalutdin Dalgatovich Tarkovsky (1849, Nizhnee Kazanishche, Temir-Khan-Shurinsky district, Dagestan region - 1906, buried in the village of Nizhnee Kazanishche) was a Kumyk prince, landowner, social and political figure of Dagestan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. From 1885 he was the naib (chief) of the Temir-Khan-Shurinskiy naibstvo (district). Jamalutdin's father Dalgat (died 1852) was the eldest son of Shamkhal Abu-Muslim-khan Tarkovsky from a concubine (karavash), and lived in Nizhny Kazan. Dalgat's younger brother was Shamsudin, the last shamkhal of Tarkovsky and Vali of Dagestan (until the abolition of the shamkhaldom in 1867). After studying in a village madrasah and then in a secular school in Temir-khan-Shur, Dzhamalutdin studied at a military school in Stavropol, but did not finish it and entered the service as a squire in a horse squadron. In 1885, he was appointed the governor of the Temir-Khan-Shure district with the administration in Nizhny Kazanishche (which included the villages of Nizhny and Upper Kazanishche, Kafir-Kumukh, Khalimbek-aul, Ishkarty, Buglen, Muslim-aul, Akhatly, Upper Karanai). Jamalutdin was considered by the Islamic clergy as an illegitimate offspring of the Shamkhal house and was not perceived by them as a legitimate ruler, so his appointment to this
position was perceived by them as a humiliation and an insult to their traditions (adats). Kazanishentsy did not want to let him into the village and only the intervention of the Governor-General of the Dagestan region with the threat of force changed the situation. As recorded in the dossier on Jamalutdin; ‘... from the nobility of the Dagestan region, previously by mistake was called a prince. Mohammedan religion. Literate. Bachelor.’, we see that the tsarist administration was cautious in assigning titles, despite the high-profile surnames. During his service, which lasted for 20 years, Jamalutdin Tarkovsky established a ‘council of scholars’ (‘oichu-khana’) in the village of Nizhneye Kazanishche, which included representatives of the clergy and the uzdenstvo. Under naib Dzhamalutdin Tarkovsky, construction of an irrigation canal 20 kilometres long to water 700 hectares of arable land, construction of stone bridges, new roads, schools and madrasahs began in the village. Being a large landowner, he allocated part of land and forests for the needs of poor fellow villagers. He helped financially and by petitions special gifted children to continue their education in higher educational and military institutions throughout Russia. With his assistance during his naibdom, Absaldin Daidbekov, Daniyal Alypkachev, Beibulatov, Temir-Bulat, Surkhai Safaraliev, Jalalutdin, Ibragim and Pakhrutdin of the Korkmasov family made their military careers. He also helped Daniyal Apashev, Gaidar Bammatov, Zubair Temirkhanov and Adil-Girey Daidbekov, who later became prominent figures after the February Revolution of 1917. As the Dagestani historian G.Orazaev noted in his article: ‘During this period the village was experiencing the most flourishing economy, the Kazanishenskoe society was one of the most developed and prosperous in the whole Dagestan region. The richest families were the Daitbekovs, Tonayevs, not to mention representatives of the Tarkovski family who lived here at that time’. From the book of M.Gadzhiev, we quote: ‘According to reports for 1913, the Kazanischenskoe society had 17 mills, 98 thousand heads of sheep, 20 thousand heads of cattle, 12 thousand horses. The richest landowners Tonayev Dzhankhuvat-hadji and Tonayev Ibragim had 9-10 thousand sheep each, naib Dzhamalutdin Tarkovsky had two thousand horses’. Dzhamalutdin Tarkovsky died a sudden death in Kislovodsk and was buried in Nizhny Kazan with great honours. After his death, his widow Patimat-bike Tarkovskaya managed the naibdom.
The Leib-Guardia Caucasian-Gorsky (Caucasian Gorsky) half squadron of His Imperial Majesty's Own Convoy was a formation of the Russian Imperial Guard, which guarded the Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias and performed convoy service at the Imperial Court. The Leib-Guardia Caucasian-Gorian half squadron, the first staff unit intended for escort service at the Highest Court, was formed on 18 September 1828 at the Highest command of Emperor Nicholas I in Stavropol from among the highest representatives of the Caucasian aristocracy, princes and uzdeys. On the 2nd of May 1829 the half squadron consisting of 3 officers, 1 effendi, 6 junkers (non-commissioned officers), 40 squires and 23 servants arrived in St. Petersburg. The half squadron was enrolled in the Light Guards Cavalry Division and assigned to the special command of the commander of the 3rd squadron of the Life Guards Cossack Regiment, Colonel Nikolayev. The Highlanders were placed in Semyonovskaya barracks, and they were carefully isolated from the lower ranks. An officer of the Life Guards of the Caucasian-Gorian half squadron of the S.E.I.V. Convoy in Franz Kruger's painting ‘Russian Guards in Tsarskoye Selo in 1932’. The half squadron was recruited from among the representatives of the most noble ruling families of the Caucasus. Most of all there were Kabardins - 12 people, then Chechens - 9 people, then Kumyks - 7 people, also in the semi-squadron were other peoples of the Caucasus. At different times the half squadron was commanded by the Guards
Rtmister Prince Sultan Khan-Girey, Guards Rtmister Prince Abumuslim Kaplanov. The junior officers were cornetts - Kabardinian Prince Bekmurza Aidemirov and Nogai Murza Mussa Tuganov. The total number of Highlanders in the convoy reached 50 men. For service in the convoy, a junker received 200 roubles a year, a horseman 180 roubles. People not older than 25 years old were enrolled in the Tsar's convoy. The fact that in 1878 out of 725 men only 17 were chosen, two of whom were taken to the Emperor's orderly. The lists of those recommended for service in the convoy were checked at the Imperial Headquarters in St. Petersburg. In 1855 ‘His Majesty's own convoy’ began to consist of two squadrons: the Life Guards of the Caucasian four-platoon squadron, recruited from representatives of various noble Caucasian families, and the Life Guards of the Caucasian Cossack squadron.
Shamkhal, or Shawhal (Kumyk: Sawhal) is a title used by Kumyk rulers in Dagestan and the Northeast Caucasus during the 8th–19th centuries. By the 16th century, the state had its capital at Tarki and was thus known as the Shamkhalate of Tarki. The Shamkhalate of Tarki, or Tarki Shamkhalate (also Shawhalate, or Shevkalate; Kumyk: romanized: Targu Sawhallıq) was a Kumyk state in the eastern part of the North Caucasus, with its capital in the ancient town of Tarki. It formed on the territory populated by Kumyks and included territories corresponding to modern Dagestan and adjacent regions. After subjugation by the Russian Empire, the Shamkhalate's lands were split between the Empire's feudal domain with the same name extending from the river Sulak to the southern borders of Dagestan, between Kumyk possessions of the Russian Empire and other administrative units. At some point the Shamkhalate had vassals from the Caspian Sea to Kabarda and Balkaria. The Shamkhals
also possessed the title of the Vali of Dagestan and had their residence in the ancient Khazar-Kumyk mountainous shelter. Annexation of the Tarki Shamkhalate and other territories of Dagestan by Russia was concluded by the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813. In 1867 the feudal domain of the Shamkhalate was abolished, and on its territory the Temir-Khan-Shura (now Buynaksk) district of Dagestan Oblast was established. During a short period in 1580-1590s the Shamkhalate was officially a part of the Ottoman Empire. Since the 16th century the state was a major figure of Russian politics to the southern borders, as it was the main target and obstacle in conquering the Caucasian region.
Awards: Insignia and star of the Imperial Order of the Crescent, sash and star of the Imperial Order of Saint Stanislaus, stars Imperial Order of Saint Anna and Imperial Order of Saint Prince Vladimir.
